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Franz Kafka

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Franz Kafka
Ħajja
Isem propju Franz Kafka
Twelid Praga, 3 Lulju 1883
Nazzjonalità Ċislejtanja
Ċekoslovakkja
Residenza Praga
Grupp etniku il-Lhud
L-ewwel lingwa Ġermaniż
Ċek
Mewt Kafka Sterbehaus (en) Translateu Kierling (en) Translate, 3 Ġunju 1924
Post tad-dfin New Jewish Cemetery (en) Translate
qabar ta' Franz Kafka
Kawża tal-mewt kawżi naturali (tuberkolosi larinġjali
starvation (en) Translate)
Familja
Missier Hermann Kafka
Omm Julie Kafka
Konjuga/i Not married
Koppja/i Dora Diamantová (en) Translate
Ulied
uri
  • no value
Aħwa
uri
Edukazzjoni
Alma mater Faculty of Law, German University in Prague (en) Translate
College of Philosophy of the Prague German University (en) Translate
Università Karlu ta' Praga
German University in Prague (en) Translate
(1901 - 1906) Dottorat fil-Liġi : liġi
Lingwi Ġermaniż
Ċek
Għalliema Friedrich Thieberger (en) Translate
Okkupazzjoni
Okkupazzjoni rumanzier
kittieb tal-ħrejjef
novellist
aforist
djarist
traduttur
avukat
xeneġġatur
poeta ġurist
skrivan tal-assigurazzjoni
prożatur
kittieb
Impjegaturi Assicurazioni Generali (en) Translate
Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (en) Translate
Xogħlijiet importanti The Metamorphosis (en) Translate
The Trial (en) Translate
The Castle (en) Translate
Before the Law (en) Translate
Lost in America (en) Translate
Influwenzat minn Heinrich von Kleist (en) Translate
Gustave Flaubert
Robert Walser (en) Translate
Moviment Moderniżmu
eżistenzjaliżmu
Moviment artistiku moderniżmu
letteratura Belletristika
novella
pritcha
fizzjoni veloċi

Franz Kafka jew František Kafka[1] (twieled fit-3 ta' Lulju 1883 – miet fit-3 ta' Ġunju 1924) kien rumanzier u kittieb tal-istejjer qosra mill-Boemja li jitkellem il-Ġermaniż li kien ibbażat fi Praga,[2] u jitqies b'mod mifrux bħala wieħed mill-figuri ewlenin tal-letteratura tas-seklu 20. Ix-xogħol tiegħu fih fużjoni ta' elementi ta' realiżmu u fantastiċi. Tipikament tinkludi protagonisti iżolati li jiffaċċjaw diffikultajiet strambi jew surreali u setgħat soċjoburokratiċi mhux komprensibbli. Ix-xogħol tiegħu ġie interpretat bħala wieħed li jesplora t-temi tal-aljenazzjoni, l-ansjetà eżistenzjali, il-ħtija u l-assurdità.[3] L-iżjed xogħlijiet magħrufa tiegħu jinkludu n-novella Il-Metamorfosi u r-rumanzi Il-Proċess u Il-Kastell. It-terminu Kafkesk jew Kafkjan daħal fil-Malti biex jiddeskrivi sitwazzjonijiet assurdi bħal dawk deskritti fil-kitba tiegħu.[4]

Kafka twieled f'familja Lhudija Ċeka ta' klassi medja li titkellem il-Ġermaniż f'Praga, il-belt kapitali tar-Renju tal-Boemja, imbagħad parti mill-Imperu Awstrijakk-Ungeriż (illum il-belt kapitali tar-Repubblika Ċeka).[5] Huwa tħarreġ bħala avukat, u wara li temm l-edukazzjoni ġuridika tiegħu ġie impjegat full-time minn kumpanija tal-assigurazzjoni. B'hekk kien obbligat jirrelega l-kitba fil-ħin liberu tiegħu. Matul ħajtu, Kafka kiteb mijiet ta' ittri lill-familja u lill-qrabat, inkluż lil missieru, li miegħu kellu relazzjoni diffikultuża u formali. Huwa tgħarras ma' diversi nisa iżda qatt ma żżewweġ. Huwa miet bit-tuberkolożi fl-1924 meta kellu 40 sena.

Kafka kien kittieb prolifiku u kien iqatta' l-biċċa l-kbira tal-ħin liberu tiegħu jikteb, spiss tard billejl. Huwa stmat li ħaraq 90 fil-mija tax-xogħol tiegħu stess minħabba li persistentement kien jissielet mad-dubji li kienu jinbtu minnu nnifsu. Ħafna mill-10 fil-mija l-oħra tax-xogħol, intilef jew inkella ma ġiex ippubblikat. Ftit mix-xogħlijiet ta' Kafka ġew ippubblikati matul ħajtu: il-ġabra ta' stejjer Kontemplazzjoni u Tabib tal-Kampanja, u l-istejjer individwali (bħan-novella tiegħu Il-Metamorfosi) ġew ippubblikati f'rivisti letterarji iżda ma tantx ingħataw attenzjoni pubblika.

Fit-testment tiegħu, Kafka ta struzzjonijiet lill-ħabib qarib u l-eżekutur letterarju tiegħu Max Brod biex jeqred ix-xogħlijiet mhux kompluti tiegħu, inkluż ir-rumanzi tiegħu Il-Proċess, Il-Kastell u Amerika, iżda Brod injora dawn l-istruzzjonijiet u ppubblika l-biċċa l-kbira tax-xogħol ta' sieħbu. Il-kitbiet ta' Kafka saru famużi fil-pajjiżi li fihom jiġi mitkellem il-Ġermaniż wara t-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija, u influwenzaw il-letteratura tagħhom. L-influwenza tax-xogħol tiegħu nfirxet fi bnadi oħra fid-dinja fis-snin 60 tas-seklu 20. Influwenza wkoll lil diversi artisti, kompożituri u filosfi.

Dawn li ġejjin huma eżempji ta' xogħlijiet b'firxa ta' ġeneri drammatiċi, letterarji u mużikali li juru l-influwenza kulturali ta' Kafka:

Titlu Sena Mezz Rimarki Ref
Ein Landarzt 1951 opra Ta' Hans Werner Henze, ibbażata fuq il-ġrajja ta' Kafka [6]
"Ħabib ta' Kafka" 1962 storja qasira Tar-rebbieħ tal-Premju Nobel Isaac Bashevis Singer, dwar attur Jiddix imsejjaħ Jacques Kohn li qal li kien jaf lil Franz Kafka; f'din l-istorja, skont Jacques Kohn, Kafka kien jemmen fil-Golem, ħlejqa leġġendarja mill-folklor Lhudi [7]
The Trial (Il-Proċess) 1962 film Ir-reġista tal-film, Orson Welles, qal, "Għidu li tridu, imma Il-Proċess huwa l-aqwa xogħol tiegħi, saħansitra aħjar minn Citizen Kane" [8][9]
Watermelon Man (Ir-Raġel tad-Dulliegħ) 1970 film Parzjalment ispirat minn Il-Metamorfosi, fejn bigott ta' karnaġjon bajda iqum u jinduna li sar għandu karnaġjon sewda [10]
Kafka-Fragmente, Op. 24 1985 mużika Tal-kompożitur Ungeriż György Kurtág għas-soprani u l-vjolin, li uża frammenti tad-djarju u tal-ittri ta' Kafka [11]
A Letter to Elise 1992 mużika Mill-grupp mużikali rock Ingliż The Cure, influwenzata ferm mill-Ittri lil Felice ta' Kafka [12]
Kafka's Dick 1986 dramm Ta' Alan Bennett, fejn il-fatati ta' Kafka, missieru Hermann u Brod jaslu fid-dar ta' skrivan tal-assigurazzjoni Ingliż (li jħobb ħafna lil Kafka) u ta' martu [13]
Better Morphosis 1991 storja qasira Storja qasira u parodija ta' Brian W. Aldiss, fejn wurdiena tqum filgħodu u tinduna li saret Franz Kafka [14]
Kafka 1991 film Bil-protagonista Jeremy Irons bħala l-awtur Kafka; bil-kitba ta' Lem Dobbs u r-reġija ta' Steven Soderbergh, il-film iħallat xeni mill-ħajja ta' Kafka ma' xeni ta' fizzjoni u jipprovdi preżentazzjoni semibijografika tal-ħajja u tax-xogħlijiet ta' Kafka; Kafka jinvestiga l-għebien ta' wieħed mill-kollegi tiegħu, u Kafka jifli bosta mix-xogħlijiet tiegħu stess, l-iktar Il-Kastell u Il-Proċess [15]
Das Schloß 1992 opra Opra bil-Ġermaniż ta' Aribert Reimann li kiteb il-librett tiegħu stess abbażi tar-rumanz ta' Kafka u d-drammatizzazzjoni tiegħu ta' Max Brod, li fit-2 ta' Settembru 1992, fid-Deutsche Oper Berlin, ittellgħet minn Willy Decker bit-tmexxija tas-surmast Michael Boder [16]
Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life 1993 film Kummiedja qasira magħmula għal BBC Scotland, li rebħet Oscar, inkitbet u ġiet diretta minn Peter Capaldi, bil-protagonista Richard E. Grant bħala Kafka [17]
Bad Mojo 1996 logħba tal-kompjuter Kemxejn ibbażata fuq Il-Metamorfosi, b'karattri msemmija Franz u Roger Samms, b'allużjoni għal Gregor Samsa [18]
In the Penal Colony 2000 opra Ta' Philip Glass, għal librett ta' Rudy Wurlitzer [19]
Kafka on the Shore 2002 rumanz Tal-kittieb Ġappuniż Haruki Murakami, fost l-Aqwa 10 Kotba tal-2005 skont The New York Times, rebbieħ tal-Premju Dinji għall-Fantasija [20]
Statue of Franz Kafka 2003 skultura Skultura fil-beraħ fi Triq Vězeňská fil-Kwartier Lhudi ta' Praga, magħmula mill-artist Jaroslav Róna [21]
Kafka's Trial 2005 opra Tal-kompożitur Daniż Poul Ruders, abbażi tar-rumanz u partijiet mill-ħajja ta' Kafka; ittellgħet għall-ewwel darba fl-2005, u maħruġa fuq CD [22]
Kafka's Soup 2005 ktieb Ta' Mark Crick, forma letterarja f'għamla ta' ktieb tat-tisjir, b'riċetti miktuba bl-istil tal-awtur famuż [23]
Kafka the Musical 2011 dramm tar-radju Ta' BBC Radio 3, prodott bħala parti mill-programm tagħhom Play of the Week. Il-parti ta' Franz Kafka nħadmet minn David Tennant [24]
Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka 2012 mużika HAZE Netlabel ħarġet il-kompilazzjoni mużikali Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka. F'dan ix-xogħol il-mużiċisti jfakkru l-wirt letterarju ta' Kafka [25]
Google Doodle 2013 kultura tal-internet Google kellha doodle ta' wurdiena b'kappell tiftaħ bieb, biex jitfakkru l-130 sena minn għeluq snin Kafka [26]
The Metamorphosis 2013 żfin Produzzjoni tar-Royal Ballet ta' Il-Metamorfosi b'Edward Watson [27]
Café Kafka 2014 opra Tal-kompożitur Spanjol Francisco Coll abbażi ta' test ta' Meredith Oakes, mibnija minn testi u frammenti ta' Franz Kafka; ikkummissjonat minn Aldeburgh Music, Opera North u Royal Opera Covent Garden [28]
Head of Franz Kafka 2014 skultura Skultura fil-beraħ fi Praga, magħmula minn David Černý [29]
VRwandlung 2018 realtà virtwali Esperjenza tar-realtà virtwali tal-ewwel parti ta' Il-Metamorfosi, bir-reġija ta' Mika Johnson [30]
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