Storja tal-femminiżmu: Differenza bejn il-verżjonijiet

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* Feminizmu tat-tielet mewġa (1990s - 2000s) jirreferi għal razez varji ta 'attività femminista, meqjusa minn terzi wavers stess bħala kontinwazzjoni tat-tieni mewġa u bħala reazzjoni għall-fallimenti perċepiti tagħha <ref name="Suffragettes to Grrls">Krolokke, Charlotte and Anne Scott Sorensen, "From Suffragettes to Grrls" in ''Gender Communication Theories and Analyses: From Silence to Performance'' (Sage, 2005).</ref>
* Feminizmu tat-tielet mewġa (1990s - 2000s) jirreferi għal razez varji ta 'attività femminista, meqjusa minn terzi wavers stess bħala kontinwazzjoni tat-tieni mewġa u bħala reazzjoni għall-fallimenti perċepiti tagħha <ref name="Suffragettes to Grrls">Krolokke, Charlotte and Anne Scott Sorensen, "From Suffragettes to Grrls" in ''Gender Communication Theories and Analyses: From Silence to Performance'' (Sage, 2005).</ref>


Għalkemm il-kostruzzjoni "mewġ" intużat komunement biex tiddeskrivi l-istorja tal-femminiżmu, il-kunċett ġie wkoll ikkritikat minn feministi mhux Anglo-Sassoni talli injorat u tħassar l-istorja bejn il-"mewġ", billi għażel li jiffoka biss fuq ftit Persuni famużi, fuq il-perspettiva ta ’mara bajda burjana u dwar avvenimenti popolari, u talli huma razzisti u kolonjalisti. <ref name=":8">{{Ċita web|url=https://kaosenlared.net/de-las-huelgas-de-mujeres-a-un-nuevo-movimiento-de-clase-la-tercera-ola-feminista/,%20https://kaosenlared.net/de-las-huelgas-de-mujeres-a-un-nuevo-movimiento-de-clase-la-tercera-ola-feminista/}}</ref> <ref name=":29">{{Ċita web|url=https://liberoamerica.com/2018/01/31/arde-feministlan-una-entrevista-a-dahlia-de-la-cerda/}}</ref> <ref name=":302">{{Ċita web|url=http://desacato.info/das-greves-de-mulheres-para-um-novo-movimento-de-classe-a-terceira-onda-feminista/}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Ċita web|url=https://www.grazia.es/lifestyle/sobre-el-feminismo-corrientes/}}</ref>
Għalkemm il-kostruzzjoni "mewġ" intużat komunement biex tiddeskrivi l-istorja tal-femminiżmu, il-kunċett ġie wkoll ikkritikat minn feministi mhux Anglo-Sassoni talli injorat u tħassar l-istorja bejn il-"mewġ", billi għażel li jiffoka biss fuq ftit Persuni famużi, fuq il-perspettiva ta ’mara bajda burjana u dwar avvenimenti popolari, u talli huma razzisti u kolonjalisti. <ref name=":8">{{Ċita web|url=https://kaosenlared.net/de-las-huelgas-de-mujeres-a-un-nuevo-movimiento-de-clase-la-tercera-ola-feminista/,%20https://kaosenlared.net/de-las-huelgas-de-mujeres-a-un-nuevo-movimiento-de-clase-la-tercera-ola-feminista/}}</ref> <ref name=":29">{{Ċita web|url=https://liberoamerica.com/2018/01/31/arde-feministlan-una-entrevista-a-dahlia-de-la-cerda/}}</ref> <ref name=":302">{{Ċita web|url=http://desacato.info/das-greves-de-mulheres-para-um-novo-movimento-de-classe-a-terceira-onda-feminista/}}</ref> <ref name=":10">[https://www.grazia.es/lifestyle/sobre-el-feminismo-corrientes/]</ref>


== L-ewwel żmien Femminizmu ==
== L-ewwel żmien Femminizmu ==
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== Referenzi ==
== Referenzi ==
{{Referenzi|colwidth=30em|refs=<ref name="Allen01101999">{{Cite journal| author=Allen, Ann Taylor| title=Feminism, Social Science, and the Meanings of Modernity: The Debate on the Origin of the Family in Europe and the United States, 1860–1914| journal=The American Historical Review| year=1999| volume=104| number=4| pages=1085–1113| doi=10.1086/ahr/104.4.1085| url=http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/4/1085.short| accessdate=May 1, 2013| pmid=19291893}}</ref>
[Referenzi|colwidth=30em|refs=<ref name="Allen01101999">{{Cite journal| author=Allen, Ann Taylor| title=Feminism, Social Science, and the Meanings of Modernity: The Debate on the Origin of the Family in Europe and the United States, 1860–1914| journal=The American Historical Review| year=1999| volume=104| number=4| pages=1085–1113| doi=10.1086/ahr/104.4.1085| url=http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/4/1085.short| accessdate=May 1, 2013| pmid=19291893]</ref>


<ref name="Botting">{{Cite journal| last1=Botting |first1=Eileen Hunt |last2=Houser| first2=Sarah L.| title='Drawing the Line of Equality': Hannah Mather Crocker on Women's Rights| journal=[[American Political Science Review|The American Political Science Review]]| year=2006| volume=100| number=2| pages=265–278| issn=0003-0554| jstor=27644349| doi=10.1017/s0003055406062150}}</ref>
<ref name="Botting">[journal| last1=Botting |first1=Eileen Hunt |last2=Houser| first2=Sarah L.| title='Drawing the Line of Equality': Hannah Mather Crocker on Women's Rights| journal=[[American Political Science Review|The American Political Science Review]]| year=2006| volume=100| number=2| pages=265–278| issn=0003-0554| jstor=27644349| doi=10.1017/s0003055406062150]</ref>


<ref name="Brody">{{Cite book|last=Brody|first=Miriam|editor-last=Spender|editor-first=Dale|editor-link=Dale Spender|title=Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1hR8YB02CAC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|year=1983|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0-394-53438-1|pages=40–59|chapter=Mary Wollstonecraft: Sexuality and Women's Rights (1759-1797)}}</ref>
<ref name="Brody">[book|last=Brody|first=Miriam|editor-last=Spender|editor-first=Dale|editor-link=Dale Spender|title=Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1hR8YB02CAC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|year=1983|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0-394-53438-1|pages=40–59|chapter=Mary Wollstonecraft: Sexuality and Women's Rights (1759-1797)]</ref>


<ref name="Kinnaird">{{Cite book|last=Kinnaird|first=Joan|editor-last=Spender|editor-first=Dale|editor-link=Dale Spender|title=Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1hR8YB02CAC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|year=1983|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0-394-53438-1|page=29|chapter=Mary Astell: Inspired by Ideas (1668–1731)}}</ref>
<ref name="Kinnaird">[book|last=Kinnaird|first=Joan|editor-last=Spender|editor-first=Dale|editor-link=Dale Spender|title=Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1hR8YB02CAC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|year=1983|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0-394-53438-1|page=29|chapter=Mary Astell: Inspired by Ideas (1668–1731)]</ref>


<ref name="Urbanski">{{Cite book|last=Urbanski|first=Marie Mitchell Olesen|editor-last=Spender|editor-first=Dale|editor-link=Dale Spender|title=Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1hR8YB02CAC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|year=1983|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0-394-53438-1|pages=75–89|chapter=Margaret Fuller: Feminist Writer and Revolutionary (1810–1850)}}</ref>
<ref name="Urbanski">[book|last=Urbanski|first=Marie Mitchell Olesen|editor-last=Spender|editor-first=Dale|editor-link=Dale Spender|title=Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1hR8YB02CAC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|year=1983|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0-394-53438-1|pages=75–89|chapter=Margaret Fuller: Feminist Writer and Revolutionary (1810–1850)]</ref>


<ref name="Walters2005">{{Cite book|last=Walters|first=Margaret|title=Feminism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCwdyaLCbXoC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|date=October 27, 2005|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-157803-8|ref=harv}}</ref>
<ref name="Walters2005">{{Cite book|last=Walters|first=Margaret|title=Feminism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCwdyaLCbXoC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|date=October 27, 2005|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-157803-8|ref=harv}}</ref>


<ref name="Witt">{{Cite encyclopedia| author=Witt, Charlotte| title=Feminist History of Philosophy|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|year=2012|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N|editor-link=Edward N. Zalta|edition=Fall 2012| url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/feminism-femhist/ |accessdate=May 1, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Witt">[encyclopedia| author=Witt, Charlotte| title=Feminist History of Philosophy|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|year=2012|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N|editor-link=Edward N. Zalta|edition=Fall 2012| url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/feminism-femhist/ |accessdate=May 1, 2013]</ref>


<ref name="Woolf1989">{{Cite book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|authorlink=Virginia Woolf|title=A Room of One's Own |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoFz9Cn7fgkC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|date=December 27, 1989|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-547-54440-3}}</ref>}}
<ref name="Woolf1989">[book|last=Woolf|first=Virginia|authorlink=Virginia Woolf|title=A Room of One's Own |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoFz9Cn7fgkC|accessdate=May 1, 2013|date=December 27, 1989|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-547-54440-3]</ref>]


== Aktar qari ==
== Aktar qari ==

Reviżjoni ta' 13:23, 24 Ottubru 2020

L-istorja tal-femminiżmu tinkludi r-rakkonti (kronoloġiċi jew tematiċi) tal-movimenti u l-ideoloġiji li kienu mmirati lejn drittijiet ugwali għan-nisa . Filwaqt li l-femministi madwar id-dinja kienu differenti fil-kawżi, l-għanijiet u l-intenzjonijiet skont il-ħin, il-kultura, u l-pajjiż, l-iktar storiċi feministi tal-Punent jaffermaw li l- movimenti kollha li jaħdmu biex jiksbu d-drittijiet tan-nisa għandhom jiġu kkunsidrati. [moviment feminist]] i, anke meta ma applikawx (jew ma) fihom it-terminu nfushom. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Xi storiċi oħra jillimitaw it-terminu "feminista" għall-moviment feminist modern u l-descendenza tiegħu, u jużaw it-tikketta "protofeminista" biex jiddeskrivu movimenti preċedenti. [6]

L-istorja feminista moderna tal-Punent hija konvenzjonalment maqsuma fi tliet perjodi ta 'żmien, jew "mewġ, kull wieħed b'għanijiet kemmxejn differenti bbażati fuq progress minn qabel:

  • Femminizmu tal-ewwel mewġa tas-sekli 19 u kmieni fl-20 iffokat fuq il-qlib ta 'l-inugwaljanzi legali, partikolarment fuq indirizzar ta' kwistjonijiet ta 'suffraġju tan-nisa.
  • Feminizmu tat-tieni mewġa (1960s - 1980s) wessa dibattitu biex jinkludi l-inugwaljanzi kulturali, in-normi tas-sessi u r-rwol tan-nisa fis-soċjetà
  • Feminizmu tat-tielet mewġa (1990s - 2000s) jirreferi għal razez varji ta 'attività femminista, meqjusa minn terzi wavers stess bħala kontinwazzjoni tat-tieni mewġa u bħala reazzjoni għall-fallimenti perċepiti tagħha [7]

Għalkemm il-kostruzzjoni "mewġ" intużat komunement biex tiddeskrivi l-istorja tal-femminiżmu, il-kunċett ġie wkoll ikkritikat minn feministi mhux Anglo-Sassoni talli injorat u tħassar l-istorja bejn il-"mewġ", billi għażel li jiffoka biss fuq ftit Persuni famużi, fuq il-perspettiva ta ’mara bajda burjana u dwar avvenimenti popolari, u talli huma razzisti u kolonjalisti. [8] [9] [10] [11]

L-ewwel żmien Femminizmu

Christine de Pizan tippreżenta l-ktieb tagħha lir-Reġina Isabeau tal-Bavarja .

In-nies u l-attivisti li jiddiskutu jew javvanzaw l-ugwaljanza tan-nisa qabel l-eżistenza tal-moviment feminista xi kultant huma ttikkettati bħala protofeministi . [6]Xi studjużi jikkritikaw dan it-terminu għaliex jemmnu li dan inaqqas l-importanza ta 'kontribuzzjonijiet preċedenti jew li l-femminiżmu m'għandux storja waħda u lineari kif implikat minn termini bħal protofeministi jew postfeministi . [4] [12] [13] [14]

Madwar 24 seklu ilu, [15] Platun, skond Elaine Hoffman Baruch, "[argumentat] għall-ugwaljanza politika u sesswali totali tan-nisa, billi favur li dawn ikunu membri ta 'l-ogħla klassi tiegħu, ... dawk li jmexxu u jiġġieldu ". [16]

Seklu 18: L-Età ta illuminazzjoni

L- Età tad-Dawl kienet ikkaratterizzata minn raġunament intellettwali sekulari u fjoritura ta ’kitba filosofika. Bosta filosofi tal-Illuminazzjoni ddefendew id-drittijiet tan-nisa, inklużi Jeremy Bentham (1781), Marquis de Condorcet (1790), u Mary Wollstonecraft (1792). [17] Kittieba importanti oħra ta ’dak iż-żmien li esprimew fehmiet feministi kienu jinkludu Abigail Adams, Catharine Macaulay, u Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht .

L-ewwel edizzjoni stampata ta ' A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Referenzi

[Referenzi|colwidth=30em|refs=[4]

[6]

[18]

[2]

[14]

[1]

[3]

[5]]

Aktar qari

  • Browne, Alice (1987) The Mind Feminist tas-seklu tmintax . Brighton: Harvester
  • Swanwick, H. M. (1913). Il-Futur tal-Moviment tan-Nisa   . Londra: G. Bell & Sons Ltd.

Rabtiet esterni

  1. ^ a b Walters, Margaret (October 27, 2005). Feminism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157803-8. Retrieved May 1, 2013. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Walters2005" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ^ a b Kinnaird, Joan (1983). "Mary Astell: Inspired by Ideas (1668–1731)". In Spender, Dale (ed.). Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers. Pantheon Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-394-53438-1. Retrieved May 1, 2013. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kinnaird" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ^ a b Witt, Charlotte (2012). "Feminist History of Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2012 ed.). Retrieved May 1, 2013. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Witt" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ^ a b ċ Allen, Ann Taylor (1999). "Feminism, Social Science, and the Meanings of Modernity: The Debate on the Origin of the Family in Europe and the United States, 1860–1914". The American Historical Review. 104 (4): 1085–1113. doi:10.1086/ahr/104.4.1085. PMID 19291893. Retrieved May 1, 2013. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Allen01101999" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ^ a b Woolf, Virginia (December 27, 1989). A Room of One's Own. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-54440-3. Retrieved May 1, 2013. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Woolf1989" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ^ a b ċ Botting, Eileen Hunt; Houser, Sarah L. (2006). "'Drawing the Line of Equality': Hannah Mather Crocker on Women's Rights". The American Political Science Review. 100 (2): 265–278. doi:10.1017/s0003055406062150. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 27644349. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Botting" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ^ Krolokke, Charlotte and Anne Scott Sorensen, "From Suffragettes to Grrls" in Gender Communication Theories and Analyses: From Silence to Performance (Sage, 2005).
  8. ^ https://kaosenlared.net/de-las-huelgas-de-mujeres-a-un-nuevo-movimiento-de-clase-la-tercera-ola-feminista/,%20https://kaosenlared.net/de-las-huelgas-de-mujeres-a-un-nuevo-movimiento-de-clase-la-tercera-ola-feminista/. |title= nieqes jew vojt (għajnuna)
  9. ^ https://liberoamerica.com/2018/01/31/arde-feministlan-una-entrevista-a-dahlia-de-la-cerda/. |title= nieqes jew vojt (għajnuna)
  10. ^ http://desacato.info/das-greves-de-mulheres-para-um-novo-movimento-de-classe-a-terceira-onda-feminista/. |title= nieqes jew vojt (għajnuna)
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ Cott, Nancy F. "What's In a Name? The Limits of ‘Social Feminism’; or, Expanding the Vocabulary of Women's History". Journal of American History 76 (December 1989): 809–829
  13. ^ . doi:10.1215/00267929-65-1-7. Ċitazzjoni journal għandha bżonn |journal= (għajnuna); |title= nieqes jew vojt (għajnuna)
  14. ^ a b Urbanski, Marie Mitchell Olesen (1983). "Margaret Fuller: Feminist Writer and Revolutionary (1810–1850)". In Spender, Dale (ed.). Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers. Pantheon Books. pp. 75–89. ISBN 978-0-394-53438-1. Retrieved May 1, 2013. Żball fl-użu tar-referenzi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Urbanski" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia (Columbia Univ. Press, 5th ed. 1993()), entry Plato.
  16. ^ Baruch, Elaine Hoffman, Women in Men's Utopias, in Rohrlich, Ruby, & Elaine Hoffman Baruch, eds., Women in Search of Utopia, op. cit., p. [209] and see p. 211 (Plato supporting "child care" so women could be soldiers), citing, at p. [209] n. 1, Plato, trans. Francis MacDonald Cornford, The Republic (N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1973), Book V.
  17. ^ Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. 144–155. Rev. ed. 1974. New York: Penguin, 1992.
  18. ^ [book|last=Brody|first=Miriam|editor-last=Spender|editor-first=Dale|editor-link=Dale Spender|title=Feminist Theorists: Three Centuries of Key Women Thinkers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1hR8YB02CAC%7Caccessdate=May 1, 2013|year=1983|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0-394-53438-1|pages=40–59|chapter=Mary Wollstonecraft: Sexuality and Women's Rights (1759-1797)]
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